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Wiki source code of PetroFLAG analyseapparaat

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9 Dexsil's PetroFLAG Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) in Soil System is een on-site testkit voor het bepalen van de totale hoeveelheid aardoliekoolwaterstoffen in de bodem. Het is gemakkelijk te gebruiken, goedkoop en milieuvriendelijk. Het PetroFLAG-systeem maakt geen onderscheid tussen alifatische en aromatische koolwaterstoffen, maar kwantificeert alle oliën, vetten en brandstoffen als totale koolwaterstoffen. Analyse wordt uitgevoerd met behulp van een grondmonster van 10 gram en drie eenvoudige stappen: extractie, filtratie en analyse.
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12
13 = Instructies =
14
15 == Responsfactor ==
16
17 De microprocessor in de PetroFLAG-analysator gebruikt de kalibratiegegevens om de optische meetwaarde om te zetten in een voorlopige concentratie. De geselecteerde responsfactor wordt vervolgens gebruikt om de juiste concentratie voor de van belang zijnde analyse te berekenen. Daarom is het belangrijk om de responsfactor te kiezen die geschikt is voor de specifieke koolwaterstof of klasse van koolwaterstoffen die op de locatie aanwezig is. De responsfactor kan op elk moment worden gewijzigd zonder de opgeslagen kalibraties te beïnvloeden.
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19 Als de verontreiniging bekend is of vermoed wordt, kiest u de juiste responsfactor uit de volgende tabel en stelt u die responsfactor in op de analysator. Als er een mengsel van koolwaterstoffen is, gebruik dan de meest conservatieve responsfactor voor de verontreinigingen waarvan bekend is dat ze aanwezig zijn. Als de verontreinigingen niet bekend zijn, kies dan een conservatieve responsfactor op basis van de koolwaterstoffen die zich waarschijnlijk op de locatie bevinden. Onderzoek van tabel 1 geeft aan dat de meeste typische verontreinigingen in responscategorie 5 of hoger zijn. [[[2]>>url:https://www.equipcoservices.com/pdf/manuals/dexsil_petroflag_system.pdf]]
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21 === Responsfactoren en methodedetectielimieten voor veelvoorkomende koolwaterstoffen ===
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23 (% class="table-hover" %)
24 |=Koolwaterstof type|=Methodedetectielimiet (ppm)|=Responsinstelling
25 |Transformator olie|15|10
26 |Vet|15|9
27 |Hydraulische olie|10|8
28 |Transmissievloeistof|19|8
29 |Motorolie|19|7
30 |#2 Stookolie|25|7
31 |#6 Stookolie|18|6
32 |Diesel|13|5
33 |Versnellingsbak olie|22|5
34 |Laag aromatische diesel|27|4
35 |Pennsylvania ruwe olie|20|4
36 |Kerosine|28|4
37 |Jet A|27|4
38 |Verweerde benzine|200|2
39
40 == Hoge concentratie monsters ==
41
42 De PetroFLAG Hydrocarbon Analyzer is voorgeprogrammeerd om de gebruiker te waarschuwen voor een overschrijding van het bereik. Als de meetwaarde buiten het lineaire bereik valt (±10 precisie), maar nog steeds binnen het kwantificeerbare bereik (±20% precisie), wordt de meetwaarde knipperend weergegeven. Deze aflezing kan worden gebruikt als een indicatie dat de concentratie in het monster niet lager is dan de weergegeven waarde. Aangezien de responscurve voor de meeste analyten bij hoge concentraties niet-lineair is, kan de concentratie in het monster hoger zijn dan de weergegeven waarde. Als de overschrijdingsconditie buiten het kwantificeerbare bereik van de meter valt, toont het display een knipperende "EEEE". Beide foutindicaties kunnen worden gewist door simpelweg de volgende flacon te plaatsen en op de toets te drukken. Nauwkeurige resultaten kunnen moeilijk te verkrijgen zijn wanneer grondmonsters van 10 gram met hoge concentraties verontreinigende stoffen worden gebruikt, aangezien deze een overschrijding van het bereik op de PetroFLAG-analysator kunnen veroorzaken. Om deze monsters met een hoge verontreiniging te kwantificeren, extraheert u verse grondmonsters van 1 gram en analyseert u deze opnieuw. Vermenigvuldig vervolgens het resultaat met 10 om de concentratie in het monster te verkrijgen. Met deze procedure is het mogelijk om oliën te meten die tot 50.000 ppm lichte koolwaterstofverontreiniging of 10.000 ppm zwaardere koolwaterstof bevatten.[[[2]>>url:https://www.equipcoservices.com/pdf/manuals/dexsil_petroflag_system.pdf]]
43
44 == Verkeerde data verbeteren ==
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46 Verzamelde gegevens kunnen eenvoudig worden omgezet naar de juiste uitlezing wanneer is vastgesteld dat de verkeerde responsfactor is gebruikt. Om deze conversie uit te voeren, vermenigvuldigt u de gemeten waarde met de responsfactor die oorspronkelijk werd gebruikt om de meting uit te voeren en deelt u deze door de nieuwe responsfactor.[[[2]>>url:https://www.equipcoservices.com/pdf/manuals/dexsil_petroflag_system.pdf]]
47
48 == Het effect van temperatuur ==
49
50 The PetroFLAG analyzer is equipped with an onboard temperature sensor to measure the ambient temperature while measurements are being made. The software uses the temperature readings to correct the optical readings for drift caused by the temperature fluctuations. The corrections have been determined for their effects on the turbidity development and the temperature drift of the electronics. The PetroFLAG analyzer can be used at temperatures from 4^^o^^C to 45^^o^^C.
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52 The temperature corrections are valid for temperatures within 10^^o^^C of the calibration temperature. If a calibration is run with each batch of samples, the temperature correction is not significant and measurements can be made at any temperature within the usable range of the instrument. However, if no calibration is run and the ambient temperature deviates from the calibration temperature by more than 10^^o^^C, an error condition will result. The analyzer will display "Err4" which can only be cleared by pressing the key. Pressing of the key will clear the error and display the current reading. This reading can be recorded but it should be noted that the ambient temperature was outside of the acceptable 10^^o^^C window. Any other samples remaining in the series can be read, however, the same error condition will most likely occur. The meter must be recalibrated to eliminate this error condition.
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54 The ambient temperature should be checked before starting to avoid a temperature error when a calibration is not run with the samples,. This can be 7 done by taking a reading without inserting a vial into the meter. If a reading is displayed, the temperature is within range and additional readings can proceed. If an error is displayed, the meter must be recalibrated before proceeding.
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56 As previously mentioned, the storage of two calibrations, each at a different temperature, will reduce the number of recalibrations necessary as the temperature changes. If the two calibrations are stored under “1C” and “2C” and are run at temperatures levels 20^^o^^C apart, the effective temperature range for measurements now becomes 40^^o^^C.[[[2]>>url:https://www.equipcoservices.com/pdf/manuals/dexsil_petroflag_system.pdf]]
57
58 == Het effect van grondwater ==
59
60 The presence of water in a soil sample will have a definite effect on the reporting value in the final PetroFLAG result. As with all field measurements, the PetroFLAG system result is calculated based on the sample weight “as received”. If there is water present in the sample, this will produce a “wet weight” result causing an apparent under reporting by the PetroFLAG technique when compared to a laboratory reporting on a “dry weight” basis.
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62 To correct for the difference between “wet weight” vs. “dry weight” results, simply divide the PetroFLAG value by the “fraction solids” (FS), where fraction solids is:
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64
65 FS = Dry Weight/Wet Weight
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67 or:
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69 FS = (100 - %water)/100
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72 Furthermore, when reporting the wet weight vs. dry weight results, the presence of water in a soil sample will cause a “dilution effect”. Since the PetroFLAG solvent system is miscible with water, the water in the soil will be extracted into the solvent phase. The aliquot filtered into the developer vial will, therefore, be diluted by the presence of the water. To a first approximation, the correction for this “dilution effect” is made by multiplying the PetroFLAG result by one plus the “fraction water” in the sample, R’=R(1+FW), where fraction water (FW) is:
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75 FW=(Wet Weight - Dry Weight)/Wet Weight
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77 or:
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79 FW = %water/100
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81
82 The equation below can be used to achieve an overall correction that includes both the conversion of the PetroFLAG result to a “dry weight” value and the correction for the dilution effect:
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85 R’=R((2/FS) - 1)
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87 where:
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89 R’ = “Dry Weight” Corrected Result
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91 R = Result displayed by PetroFLAG unit
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93 FS = Fraction Solids
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95 where:
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97 FS = (100 - %water)/100
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100 The above correction is applicable for typical soil types containing up to approximately 15% water by weight. For heavy clays or samples with higher water content, the effect of water content will vary with the analyte and should be determined specifically for each site.
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102 In many cases, the effects of water content can be overcome by using a smaller sample size. This approach is the simplest and can be used effectively when a reduction in precision resulting from a smaller sample size still satisfies the overall data quality objective.
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104 In some soils with high water content, the PetroFLAG response will be reduced both by the poor extraction efficiency of the analyte and a simple dilution. In these soils, the effect of water content on the extraction efficiency can sometimes be reduced by the addition of anhydrous sodium sulfate.
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106 To treat such soils with sodium sulfate, weigh out the appropriate amount of soil sample (10 grams for a standard analysis) followed by the addition of up to 10 grams of anhydrous sodium sulfate. Mix the system thoroughly by stirring and/or shaking the sample until a free-flowing mixture is formed. Add the extraction solvent from a break-top ampule and then, follow the standard analysis procedure. 8
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108 Treatment with sodium sulfate can improve the extraction efficiency, but will not correct for either the dilution effect or the wet weight/dry weight reporting error. The actual water content in the sample should be determined at some point so that the above corrections for wet weight and the dilution effect can be applied to the final result.[[[2]>>url:https://www.equipcoservices.com/pdf/manuals/dexsil_petroflag_system.pdf]]
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110 == Voorbereiding monster ==
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112 Each 10-pack of soil reagents contains reagents and supplies for 10 tests. In addition, one blank and one calibration standard are included. Samples can be run individually or by batch. For optimum performance and throughput, samples should be run in groups of 10 samples, once the meter has been calibrated with a blank and a standard. The meter does not need to be recalibrated, provided that the operating conditions and reaction times are maintained. Total time to analyze 10-15 samples is approximately 20-25 minutes.[[[2]>>url:https://www.equipcoservices.com/pdf/manuals/dexsil_petroflag_system.pdf]]
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114 == Calibratie ==
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116 The following description summarizes the procedure for preparing the blank and calibration standard. Read the step-by-step instructions below completely before beginning the calibration process. To prepare a blank and a calibration standard, first label two soil tubes, one as the "blank" and the other as the "standard". Add to the blank tube the contents of a break-top ampule labeled “Extraction Solvent”. Add the contents of the break-top ampule labeled "Calibration Standard" to the standard soil tube. Process the blank and standard exactly as soil samples as described below.[[[2]>>url:https://www.equipcoservices.com/pdf/manuals/dexsil_petroflag_system.pdf]]
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118 = Calibratie proces =
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120 [[[[image:https://terrapedia.terraindex.com/images/thumb/9/9d/PetroFLAG_explanation.png/300px-PetroFLAG_explanation.png||height="378" width="300"]]>>url:https://terrapedia.terraindex.com/index.php/File:PetroFLAG_explanation.png]]
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122 1. Label the soil extraction tubes (plastic tubes with colored caps) and developer vials (small glass vials with black caps) with the appropriate sample ID. Use the self-adhesive labels to label the screw cap of the developer vial. Do not write in the center 1/3 of the developer vial as this may obscure the optical path when the readings are made.
123 1. Weigh 10 grams (± 0.1 gram) samples of all unknown soils into each of the labeled color capped polypropylene tubes.
124 1. Set timer for 5 minutes. Add one break-top ampule of extraction solvent (blue polypropylene top) to the first tube. Start 5 minute timer and shake for 15 seconds. A separate ampule of extraction solvent is added to each of the remaining sample tubes when additional samples are being analyzed. Shake each tube for 15 seconds ensuring that the soil samples are fully wet. Shake each tube intermittently for a total of 4 minutes, then allow each tube to stand for the remaining 1 minute.
125 1. Verify that the filter disk is firmly attached to the syringe barrel. Remove the cap from the first labeled developer vial. Carefully decant the liquid from the polypropylene soil tube into the syringe barrel minimizing the transfer of soil particles, as this may plug the filter. Insert the plunger into the syringe barrel. Discard the first few drops from the filter into a waste container by pressing the plunger. Next, add the soil extract drop-wise to the developer solution until the meniscus just enters the neck of the vial (see figure). Shake the vial for 10 seconds, start the 10 minute timer and proceed to the next sample. Read the samples as close to the 10 minute time period as possible. Record this reading. Do NOT attempt to reread the sample as sample variation will occur due to fading of the solution over time. Do not let the developer vials stand longer than 20 minutes before reading, as this may result in lower than actual values.
126 1. If meter is off, turn on the meter by pressing key and calibrate.
127 1. To read, wipe the vial, place into the meter and press the key. Be sure that the outside of the vial is clean before reading. Record result on work sheet. Read vials in the same order as they were prepared.[[[2]>>url:https://www.equipcoservices.com/pdf/manuals/dexsil_petroflag_system.pdf]]
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129 = Handleiding =
130
131 The PetroFLAG analyzer is controlled by a lowpower consumption micro-computer with a preloaded operating program which is stored in EEPROM memory. The program cannot be lost regardless of battery condition. The meter stores two calibration curves in separate memory locations. These calibration curves can be independently updated and the response factors can be changed without losing the calibrations.
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133 [[[[image:https://terrapedia.terraindex.com/images/thumb/e/e0/Panel_PetraFLAG.png/300px-Panel_PetraFLAG.png||height="302" width="300"]]>>url:https://terrapedia.terraindex.com/index.php/File:Panel_PetraFLAG.png]]
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135 The PetroFLAG meter is configured to allow easy access to the program modes. The currently active mode is indicated on the LCD display while a reading is in progress. The response factor and the active calibration can be changed from the MAIN MENU using the four keys on the keypad. The four keys are on the right.
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137 When the PetroFLAG analyzer is turned on, the unit will return to the last mode it was in prior to being shut down. Under normal operating conditions, the analyzer will power up in the read mode. When the analyzer powers up in the read mode, the screen will display the last measured value for two seconds, and then, display the currently selected calibration curve (“1C” or “2C”) and response factor (1-15). The meter is now ready to resume measurement. Simply insert a new sample vial into the meter and push the <READ/ON> key. The display will initially indicate the calibration curve (either “1C” or “2C”) and the response factor (1-15) that is currently selected. Next, the term “CALC” will flash on the screen and after 5 seconds, the measured concentration in ppm will be displayed.
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139 If you wish to exit the read mode, push the <NEXT> key and the operation is returned to the MAIN MENU. The <NEXT> key is also used to skip a step where a menu selection is required. To change a flashing menu option, push the <SCROLL> key while the option is flashing. To store the currently flashing menu choice, push the <SELECT> key. This stores the current choice and moves the flashing cursor to the next program mode.[[[2]>>url:https://www.equipcoservices.com/pdf/manuals/dexsil_petroflag_system.pdf]]
140
141 == Een calibratie curve kiezen ==
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143 Either of the two calibration curves, identified as "1C" and "2C", can be selected from the MAIN MENU. From either calibration curve any response factor can be selected. To change the response factor or to recalibrate the unit, use the <NEXT> key to enter the MAIN MENU screen. Immediately upon entering this menu three decimal points and the response factor are displayed. Next, the first two characters on the screen indicates the calibration curve that is currently selected (“1C” or “2C”) is displayed. They will blink, indicating that a new curve may be selected. Use the <SCROLL> key to scroll to the next calibration curve. Push the <SELECT/OFF> key to select the curve. The response factor will then blink. Use the <“SCROLL> key to scroll to the desired response factor for the target analyte and press the <SELECT/OFF> key.[[[2]>>url:https://www.equipcoservices.com/pdf/manuals/dexsil_petroflag_system.pdf]]
144
145 == Standaardwaarde en nulwaarde aflezen ==
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147 After the response factor has been selected, the screen will read “CALC” for five seconds and then display the calibration temperature. This temperature will remain on the screen until either the <NEXT> key or the <READ/ON> key is pressed. The screen will then prompt you for the "blank" vial by displaying "-bL-". Insert the blank vial in the meter and press the <READ/ON>  key.After 5 seconds the screen display should read "0" for 2 seconds. The screen will then prompt for the calibration standard, "-CSd". Insert the calibration standard in the meter, press the <READ/ON>  key and after 5 seconds, the calibration is complete. The meter will then re-read the calibration standard to verify a valid calibration and display "1000". If the concentration of the calibration standard is not correct using the newly calculated equation, an error message will flash until the <NEXT> key is pushed. If an error condition exists, the previously stored calibration constants will be retained until a valid calibration is completed.[[[2]>>url:https://www.equipcoservices.com/pdf/manuals/dexsil_petroflag_system.pdf]]
148
149 == Waarde aflezen ==
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151 After calibration, the meter will then display the calibration curve in use (“1C” or “2C”) and the current response factor selected. The meter is ready to read the first sample by inserting the sample vial into the meter and pressing the <READ/ON> key. After reading the sample, the meter will display the concentration in parts per million (ppm) until either the <READ/ON> key or the <NEXT> key is pushed. If no key is pushed for a period of five minutes, the meter will turn off automatically. If the meter turns off automatically, the meter can be reactivated by pressing the <READ/ON> key and the unit will return to the operation mode last used. The meter can be turned off manually by using the <SELECT/OFF> key, while in the read mode only. The optical system on the PetroFLAG analyzer is covered with a screw cap to keep out stray light. To remove this screw cap from the vial holder, simply unscrew it 1/4 of a turn counter-clockwise. To make a measurement, insert the developer vial into the unit, place the screw cap over the vial, and while pressing down on the cap (depressing the spring in the bottom of the vial holder), rotate the cap clockwise. Turn the cap until it is snug, but do not over-tighten.[[[2]>>url:https://www.equipcoservices.com/pdf/manuals/dexsil_petroflag_system.pdf]]
152
153 == Electriciteit nodig ==
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155 The PetroFLAG analyzer is powered by one 9V alkaline battery (included). This battery should last for several thousand readings. If a low battery condition exists "LP" will appear on the display.[[[2]>>url:https://www.equipcoservices.com/pdf/manuals/dexsil_petroflag_system.pdf]]
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157 = Fouten =
158
159 === Voorwaarden fouten ===
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161 (% class="table-hover" %)
162 |=Message|=Cause|=Solution
163 |Flashing Concentration Reading(((
164 [Applies to Unknown Measurements]
165 )))|Over range condition. Sample concentration outside of linear range.|Use smaller sample (1 gram recommended) and rerun.
166 |Flashing "EEEE" [Applies to Unknown Measurements]|Sensor over range condition. Sample concentration too high.|Use smaller sample (1 gram recommended) and rerun
167 |"Err0" [Applies to Calibration Mode]|Blank and Calibration Standard vials mixed up. Blank or Calibration Standard outside of QC window|Check calibration vials. Rerun and/or make up new ones.
168 |"Err1" [Applies to All Modes]|Readings from the two optical channels do not agree.|Check vial and reread. If error remains, rerun using another vial.
169 |"Err2" [Applies to Unknown Measurements]|Sample is reading lower than the blank, e.g., Calibration Blank soil unusually high background or not zero.|Recalibrate using true Blank soil.
170 |"Err3" [Applies to Calibration Mode]|Blank or Calibration Standard outside of QC window|Recalibrate using fresh calibration solutions.
171 |"Err4" [Applies to Unknown Measurements]|Absolute temperature difference between calibration and reading exceeds 10oC.|Recalibrate at current temperature.
172 |"Err5" [ Applies to All Modes]|Ambient temperature outside of operating range. (4oC - 45oC)|Remove meter and reagents to climate controlled environment to recalibrate/rerun.
173 |"LP"|Low power|Replace battery
174
175 = Referenties =
176
177 * [[https:~~/~~/www.equipcoservices.com/sales/dexsil/petroflag_system.html>>url:https://www.equipcoservices.com/sales/dexsil/petroflag_system.html]]
178 * [[https:~~/~~/www.equipcoservices.com/pdf/manuals/dexsil_petroflag_system.pdf>>url:https://www.equipcoservices.com/pdf/manuals/dexsil_petroflag_system.pdf]]
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185 **Inhoud**
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