Layering - XWiki

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A layer is an horizontal organization of material, especially one of several parallel layers arranged one on top of another. A bed or layer of sedimentary rock is visually distinguishable from adjacent beds or layers. Layers describe a large amount of rock which has one indistinguishable type. For example sandstone. This sandstone still can have clay lamina present within its layer. Further on this page some examples of layers can be found.

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= Layer Transitions =

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The layering within a cycle of soil/rocks can have different boundaries on its top and bottom. This layering transitions are defined as below.

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|=Class|=Type|=Description

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|L01|Derivative|The transition is not based on a change in the sample, but on a change in behaviour of drilling.

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|L02|Predetermined|The transition is not based on a perceived change, but artificially determined and coincides with the transition of a sampled interval or the transition of a described interval.

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|L03|Derived probe|The transition is derived from a probe within a range of 5 m from the borehole.

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|L04|Observed randomly|Observed size transition area in sample: >100mm.

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|L05|Observed diffuse|Observed size transition area in sample: ≥30 mm - <100 mm.

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|L06|Observed gradually|Observed size transition area in sample: ≥3 mm - <30 mm.

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|L07|Observed sharp|Observed size transition area in sample: <3 mm.

= Layer thickness =

Layer thickness is a factor that determines the thickness of the primary layers and is categorised in the following categories.

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|=Term|=Thickness(((

(mm)

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|Thin laminated|<6

|Thickly laminated|6 - 20

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|Layered very thin|20 - 60

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|Thin layered|60 - 200

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|Mm layered|200 - 600

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|Cm layered|600 - 2000

|Dm layered|> 2000

= Examples =

== Clay layers ==

For explanation see [[clay>>doc:Environmental Surveys.Rock types.Sedimenten.Clay.WebHome]].

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[[[[image:Clay layers.jpg]]>>https://www.123rf.com/photo_51611217_background-clay-layers-nature.html]]

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== Detritus layers ==

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For explanation see [[detritus>>doc:Environmental Surveys.Organic depositions.Detritus.WebHome]].

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[[[[image:Detritus layers.jpg]]>>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detritus]]

== Gravel layers ==

For explanation see [[gravel>>doc:Environmental Surveys.Rock types.Sedimenten.Gravel.WebHome]].

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[[[[image:Gravel layers.jpg]]>>https://www.123rf.com/photo_106141833_close-up-background-image-cut-section-gravel-layer-and-mud-under-the-concrete-road-which-was-excavat.html]]

== Gyttja layers ==

For explanation see [[gyttja>>doc:Environmental Surveys.Organic depositions.Gyttja.WebHome]].

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[[[[image:Gyttja layers.jpg]]>>https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/292051/1/GEO.brief%202%202014%20Blijdorp.pdf]]

== Heterogeneous ==

Heterogeneous layers are many different sediments which are layered on top of each other. Most of the time there can be a sequence spotted within this layering.

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[[[[image:Heterogenous layers.png]]>>https://www.intechopen.com/books/soil-contamination/research-for-investigating-and-managing-soil-contamination-caused-by-winter-maintenance-in-cold-regi]]

== Homogeneous ==

Homogeneous layers are layers on top of each other with the same sediments or material. The layers can differ in deposition environment.

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[[[[image:Homogeneous layers.png]]>>https://juegodebabyshowerv4u.web.app/bp/is-granite-an-example-of-heterogeneous-mixture.html]]

== Loam layers ==

For explanation see [[loam>>doc:Environmental Surveys.Rock types.Sedimentary rocks.Loam.WebHome]].

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[[[[image:Loam layers.jpg]]>>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loam]]

== Peat layers ==

For explanation see [[peat>>doc:Environmental Surveys.Organic depositions.Peat.WebHome]].

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[[[[image:Peat layers.jpg]]>>https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/287064/wst-g-052-developments-on-peat-and-off-site-uses-of-waste-peat.pdf]]

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== Root penetration ==

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Root penetration is present at a place where there is much coverage by plants above the ground level moreover root penetration is the base for organic layers.

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[[[[image:Root penetration.jpg]]>>https://www.waterschaprivierenland.nl/maaien]]

== Sand layers ==

For explanation see [[sand>>doc:Environmental Surveys.Rock types.Sedimenten.Sand.WebHome]].

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[[[[image:Sand layers.png]]>>https://www.shutterstock.com/search/layered+colors]]

== Shell layers ==

[[[[image:Shell layers.jpg]]>>https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-meaning-of-midden]]

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== Steeply inclined layers ==

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Inclined layers exist due to the pressure of continental plates or due to the movement of soil/rock in which the layers are tilted. After these processes the new sediments are deposited with another orientation than the ones underneath.

== Stone layers ==

For explanation see [[pebbles>>doc:Environmental Surveys.Rock types.Sedimenten.Pebbles.WebHome]].

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[[[[image:Stone layers.jpg]]>>https://www.renderosity.com/mod/gallery/layer-of-stone-layer-of-dirt-layer-of-stone/2806368/]]

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== Twisted sand layers ==

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Sand is a sediment which is very mobile. This results in the fact that sand layers can be formed by less pressure and easily deformed.

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[[[[image:Twisted sand layers.png]]>>https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Rhythmic-arrangement-of-sand-and-sandy-silt-layers-in-the-point-bar-facies-subunit-B1_fig3_283189975]]

= References =

* NEN-EN-ISO 14688-1:2019

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