{\rtf1\ansi\deff3\adeflang1025
{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}{\f1\froman\fprq2\fcharset2 Symbol;}{\f2\fswiss\fprq2\fcharset0 Arial;}{\f3\froman\fprq2\fcharset0 DejaVu Serif;}{\f4\fnil\fprq0\fcharset2 OpenSymbol{\*\falt Arial Unicode MS};}{\f5\fswiss\fprq2\fcharset0 Liberation Sans{\*\falt Arial};}{\f6\fnil\fprq2\fcharset0 Noto Sans;}}
{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;\red153\green204\blue255;}
{\stylesheet{\s0\snext0\rtlch\af7\afs24\alang1081 \ltrch\lang1033\langfe2052\hich\af3\loch\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\ltrpar\cf0\f3\fs24\lang1033\dbch\af7\langfe2052 Normal;}
{\s1\sbasedon30\snext29\rtlch\afs44\ab \ltrch\hich\af6\loch\sb240\sa283\keepn\f6\fs48\b Heading 1;}
{\*\cs15\snext15 Endnote Characters;}
{\*\cs16\snext16 Footnote Characters;}
{\*\cs17\snext17\loch\cf9\ul\ulc0 Hyperlink;}
{\*\cs18\snext18\rtlch\ab \ltrch\loch\b Strong;}
{\*\cs19\snext19\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\hich\af4\loch\f4\dbch\af4 Bullets;}
{\s20\sbasedon0\snext29\loch\sb0\sa283\brdrt\brdrnone\brdrl\brdrnone\brdrb\brdrdb\brdrw7\brdrcf15\brsp0\brdrr\brdrnone\fs12 Horizontal Line;}
{\s21\sbasedon0\snext21\loch\i Envelope Return;}
{\s22\sbasedon29\snext22\loch\sb0\sa283 Table Contents;}
{\s23\sbasedon0\snext23\loch\tqc\tx4818\tqr\tx9637\noline Footer;}
{\s24\sbasedon0\snext24\loch\tqc\tx4818\tqr\tx9637\noline Header;}
{\s25\sbasedon0\snext25\loch\tqc\tx4986\tqr\tx9972\noline Header and Footer;}
{\s26\sbasedon0\snext26\loch\noline Index;}
{\s27\sbasedon0\snext27\rtlch\afs24\ai \ltrch\loch\sb120\sa120\noline\fs24\i Caption;}
{\s28\sbasedon29\snext28\loch\sb0\sa283 List;}
{\s29\sbasedon0\snext29\loch\sb0\sa283 Body Text;}
{\s30\sbasedon0\snext29\rtlch\afs28 \ltrch\hich\af5\loch\sb240\sa283\keepn\f5\fs28 Heading;}
{\s31\sbasedon22\snext31\rtlch\ab \ltrch\loch\qc\sb0\sa283\noline\b Table Heading;}
}{\*\listtable{\list\listtemplateid1
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li709}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li1418}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li2127}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li2836}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li3545}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li4254}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li4963}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li5672}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li6381}\listid1}
{\list\listtemplateid2
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li709}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li1418}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li2127}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li2836}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li3545}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li4254}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li4963}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li5672}
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow0{\leveltext \'01\u8226 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f4\rtlch\af4 \ltrch\loch\fi-283\li6381}\listid2}
{\list\listtemplateid3
{\listlevel\levelnfc255\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow2{\leveltext \'01\'00;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi0\li0}
{\listlevel\levelnfc255\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow2{\leveltext \'01\'01;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi0\li0}
{\listlevel\levelnfc255\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow2{\leveltext \'01\'02;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi0\li0}
{\listlevel\levelnfc255\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow2{\leveltext \'01\'03;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi0\li0}
{\listlevel\levelnfc255\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow2{\leveltext \'01\'04;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi0\li0}
{\listlevel\levelnfc255\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow2{\leveltext \'01\'05;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi0\li0}
{\listlevel\levelnfc255\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow2{\leveltext \'01\'06;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi0\li0}
{\listlevel\levelnfc255\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow2{\leveltext \'01\'07;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi0\li0}
{\listlevel\levelnfc255\leveljc0\levelstartat1\levelfollow2{\leveltext \'01\'08;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi0\li0}\listid3}
}{\listoverridetable{\listoverride\listid1\listoverridecount0\ls1}{\listoverride\listid2\listoverridecount0\ls2}{\listoverride\listid3\listoverridecount0\ls3}}{\*\generator LibreOffice/24.2.7.2$Linux_X86_64 LibreOffice_project/420$Build-2}{\info{\title  Environmental Surveys.Rock types.Sedimenten.Clay - Clay }{\creatim\yr0\mo0\dy0\hr0\min0}{\revtim\yr0\mo0\dy0\hr0\min0}{\printim\yr0\mo0\dy0\hr0\min0}}{\*\userprops{\propname language}\proptype30{\staticval en}}
\hyphauto1\viewscale100\formshade\nobrkwrptbl{\*\pgdscno2}\paperh15840\paperw12240\margl1134\margr567\margt567\margb567\sectd\sbknone\sftnnar\saftnnrlc\sectunlocked1\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn1134\margrsxn567\margtsxn567\margbsxn567\ftnbj\ftnstart1\ftnrstcont\ftnnar\aenddoc\aftnrstcont\aftnstart1\aftnnrlc
{\*\ftnsep\chftnsep}\pgndec\pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\sb0\sa0\ltrpar{\loch
Sediments and Sedentate - Clay }
\par \pard\plain \s20\loch\sb0\sa283\brdrt\brdrnone\brdrl\brdrnone\brdrb\brdrdb\brdrw7\brdrcf15\brsp0\brdrr\brdrnone\fs12\ql\ltrpar\loch

\par \pard\plain \s20\loch\sb0\sa283\brdrt\brdrnone\brdrl\brdrnone\brdrb\brdrdb\brdrw7\brdrcf15\brsp0\brdrr\brdrnone\fs12\ql\ltrpar\loch

\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\sb0\sa0\ltrpar{\loch
Page / - last modified by Roelof Zwaan on 2022/01/12 13:43 }
\par \pard\plain \s20\loch\sb0\sa283\brdrt\brdrnone\brdrl\brdrnone\brdrb\brdrdb\brdrw7\brdrcf15\brsp0\brdrr\brdrnone\fs12\ql\ltrpar\loch

\par \pard\plain \s1\rtlch\afs44\ab \ltrch\hich\af6\loch\sb240\sa283\keepn\f6\fs48\b\ql\fi0\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ltrpar{\loch
Clay }
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\fi0\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ltrpar{\loch
last modified by Roelof Zwaan}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\fi0\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ltrpar{\loch
on 2022/01/12 13:43}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\sb0\sa0\ltrpar\loch

\par \pard\plain \s20\loch\sb0\sa283\brdrt\brdrnone\brdrl\brdrnone\brdrb\brdrdb\brdrw7\brdrcf15\brsp0\brdrr\brdrnone\fs12\ql\ltrpar\loch

\par \pard\plain \s1\rtlch\afs44\ab \ltrch\hich\af6\loch\sb240\sa283\keepn\f6\fs48\b\pagebb\ql\fi0\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ltrpar{\loch
Table of Contents}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\pagebb\ql\fi0\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ltrpar\loch

\par \sect\sectd\sftnnar\saftnnrlc\sectunlocked1\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn1134\margrsxn567\margtsxn567\margbsxn567\ltrsect\sbknone\pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\fi0\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ltrpar\loch

\par \sect\sectd\sftnnar\saftnnrlc\sectunlocked1\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn1134\margrsxn567\margtsxn567\margbsxn567\ltrsect\sbknone\pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\fi0\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ltrpar{\loch
Clay is a clastic sedimentary rock consisting of consolidated grains. The grains need to have a diameter smaller than 2 micrometer according to european norms, or more than 25% lutum content. The grains of this rock are less coarse than those of silt. In the field this soil type is hard to distinguish from silt. By adding water and rubbing the found soil in your hand one can distinguish silt from clay. With silt still some loose particles can be felt and with clay these particles are not present.}
\par \pard\plain \s1\rtlch\afs44\ab \ltrch\hich\af6\loch\sb240\sa283\keepn\f6\fs48\b\ql\fi0\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ltrpar{\loch
{\*\bkmkstart HWhatisclay3F}{\*\bkmkend HWhatisclay3F}What is clay?}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\ltrpar{\loch
Clay is a very fine grained sedimentary material. It has a very abundant occurence, coming mostly from Shale, the most abundant sedimentary rock. Aside from grain size, clay tends to be defined by it's changing plastic properties based on the moisture level. This is one of the ways that silt and clay can be told apart in the field without the aid of analytical techniques.}
\par \pard\plain \s1\rtlch\afs44\ab \ltrch\hich\af6\loch\sb240\sa283\keepn\f6\fs48\b\ql\fi0\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ltrpar{\loch
{\*\bkmkstart HSiltorclay3F}{\*\bkmkend HSiltorclay3F}Silt or clay?}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\ltrpar{\loch
There are several tests you can do to determine if the soil you're dealing with is Silt or Clay.}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\ltrpar{\loch\cs18\rtlch\ab \ltrch\loch\b\loch
Dry strength test}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\ltrpar{\loch
Roll the soil up to a ball and let it dry completely. Then, once the soil is dry, try crushing the soil with your fingers. If it crushes easily, it's more likely to be silt. If it takes effort to crush, it's more likely to be clay.}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\ltrpar{\loch\cs18\rtlch\ab \ltrch\loch\b\loch
Dilatency test}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\ltrpar{\loch
Because the permeability of clay and silt are different, we can use this factor as an identification test. This is done my mixing a small ammount of soil with water in the palm of your hand. Once this is done, tap the back of your hand or shake the soil inside your hand. If it is Silty soil, a quick reaction will occur where water will rise to the surface and gives the soil a glistening appearance. In the case of clay, the water will be quickly absorbed into the clay again and leave the soil with a dull look. There can be several reaction speeds / testresults.}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\ltrpar{\loch\cs18\rtlch\ab \ltrch\loch\b\loch
Plasticity test}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\ltrpar{\loch
This test makes use of the molding characteristic of clay. This is done by taking a bit of moist soil, rolling it into a ball and then try to roll it into a thin 3mm long thread. If the soil holds clay this should pose no problems, whereas with silt the soil will crack / it should be almost impossible to roll the soil into a thin thread and still support its own weight.}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\ltrpar{\loch\cs18\rtlch\ab \ltrch\loch\b\loch
Dispersion test}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\ltrpar{\loch
For the dispersion test, you can add some soil to a flask or jar with water and shake it up, so that the soil particles will be suspended in the water. Then, you can determine rough percentages of sand, silt and clay by seeing how long it takes for particles to settle. Sand particles will settle at around 15 seconds, silt particles will settle at around 30 seconds and clay particles can remain suspended for hours.}
\par \pard\plain \s1\rtlch\afs44\ab \ltrch\hich\af6\loch\sb240\sa283\keepn\f6\fs48\b\ql\fi0\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ltrpar{\loch
{\*\bkmkstart HReferences}{\*\bkmkend HReferences}References}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283{\listtext\pard\plain \rtlch\af4 \ltrch\hich\af4\loch\f4\dbch\af4 \u8226\'95\tab}\ilvl0\ls1 \fi-283\li0\lin0\ql\tx709\fi-283\li709\lin709\ltrpar{\loch
NEN-EN-ISO 14688-1:2019}
\par \pard\plain \s1\rtlch\afs44\ab \ltrch\hich\af6\loch\sb240\sa283\keepn\f6\fs48\b\ql\fi0\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ltrpar{\loch
{\*\bkmkstart HClay}{\*\bkmkend HClay}Clay}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\ltrpar{
{\pict{\*\picprop{\sp{\sn wzDescription}{\sv }}{\sp{\sn wzName}{\sv image.jpg}}}\picscalex1134\picscaley567\piccropl0\piccropr0\piccropt0\piccropb0\picw0\pich0\picwgoal0\pichgoal0\wmetafile8
010009000003340100001000d20000000000d200000026060f009a01574d464301000000000001003a1100000000010000007801000000000000780100000100
00006c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000220000002200000020454d4600000100780100000b00000001000000000000000000
000000000000010000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005e0100005e010000460000002c00000020000000454d462b014001001c00
0000100000000210c0db010000001900000019000000460000004c00000040000000454d462b224000000c000000000000001e4009000c000000000000002440
00010c00000000000000214000000c00000000000000044000000c00000000000000110000000c000000080000000b0000001000000060000000600000000900
000010000000ec090000ec0900000c0000001000000000000000000000000a000000100000000000000000000000140000000c0000000d000000120000000c00
000001000000460000001c00000010000000454d462b024000000c000000000000000e00000014000000000000001000000014000000050000000b0200000000
050000000c020100010004000000020101000400000004010d0008000000fa0200000000000000000000040000002d01000007000000fc020000ffffff000000
040000002d0101001c000000fb020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
040000002d010200040000002e011800050000000902ffffff000400000007010300030000000000}
{\*\bkmkstart Ihttps:2F2Fterrapedia.terraindex.com2Fimages2F42F422FClay.jpg}{\*\bkmkend Ihttps:2F2Fterrapedia.terraindex.com2Fimages2F42F422FClay.jpg}}
\par \trowd\trql\ltrrow\trpaddft3\trpaddt0\trpaddfl3\trpaddl0\trpaddfb3\trpaddb0\trpaddfr3\trpaddr0\clpadfl3\clpadl28\clpadft3\clpadt28\clpadfb3\clpadb28\clpadfr3\clpadr28\clvertalc\cellx961\clpadfl3\clpadl28\clpadft3\clpadt28\clpadfb3\clpadb28\clpadfr3\clpadr28\clvertalc\cellx1952\pard\plain \s31\rtlch\ab \ltrch\loch\qc\sb0\sa283\noline\b\intbl\qc\sb0\sa283\noline\ltrpar{\loch
Image}\cell\pard\plain \s22\loch\sb0\sa283\intbl\ql\sb0\sa283\ltrpar{{\field{\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "https://www.kurtz-bros.com/gravel/34-gravel/" }{\fldrslt {\loch\loch\cf9\ul\ulc0\loch
Source}}}}\cell\row\pard \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283\ql\ltrpar{\loch\cs18\rtlch\ab \ltrch\loch\b\loch
Contents}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283{\listtext\pard\plain \rtlch\af4 \ltrch\hich\af4\loch\f4\dbch\af4 \u8226\'95\tab}\ilvl0\ls2 \fi-283\li0\lin0\ql\tx709\fi-283\li709\lin709\sb0\sa0\ltrpar{{\field{\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#HWhatisclay3F" }{\fldrslt {\loch\loch\cf9\ul\ulc0\loch
What is clay?}}}}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283{\listtext\pard\plain \rtlch\af4 \ltrch\hich\af4\loch\f4\dbch\af4 \u8226\'95\tab}\ilvl0\ls2 \fi-283\li0\lin0\ql\tx709\fi-283\li709\lin709\sb0\sa0\ltrpar{{\field{\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#HSiltorclay3F" }{\fldrslt {\loch\loch\cf9\ul\ulc0\loch
Silt or clay?}}}}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283{\listtext\pard\plain \rtlch\af4 \ltrch\hich\af4\loch\f4\dbch\af4 \u8226\'95\tab}\ilvl0\ls2 \fi-283\li0\lin0\ql\tx709\fi-283\li709\lin709\sb0\sa0\ltrpar{{\field{\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#HReferences" }{\fldrslt {\loch\loch\cf9\ul\ulc0\loch
References}}}}
\par \pard\plain \s29\loch\sb0\sa283{\listtext\pard\plain \rtlch\af4 \ltrch\hich\af4\loch\f4\dbch\af4 \u8226\'95\tab}\ilvl0\ls2 \fi-283\li0\lin0\ql\tx709\fi-283\li709\lin709\sb0\sa283\ltrpar{{\field{\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#HClay" }{\fldrslt {\loch\loch\cf9\ul\ulc0\loch
Clay}}}}
\par }