Research - Layer details 

Page / - last modified by TerraIndex TerraIndex on 2021/07/16 15:59 

Layer details 
last modified by TerraIndex TerraIndex
on 2021/07/16 15:59

Table of Contents

Description of the classes and types of layering and the terminology used
Primary
The primary fraction is the fraction which is more than 50% of the same material. If this primary faction is anthropogenic the layer gets the name of the anthropogenic substance. The quality of the sample of the primary fraction needs to be QM5 and with organic soil QM4.
M50
This field only needs attention when sand is present in the investigated layers. M50 is a median for the mass of the sand and describes the size of clasts at this median.
Secondary
The secondary fraction lies between 5 and 50 % of the same material. At 5% > 20% of the same material one can speak of a weak presence of the material. At 20%>50% of the same material one can speak of a strong presence of the material. There is a possibility to add a second secondary component, but that is also the maximum of secondary components that can be present.
Gradation
When the material has abrupt transition into the primary or tertiary fraction the gradation is called weak. With a strong gradation the border between materials is less clear and the clast size changes gradually.
Grain shape
The description of this characteristic of soil is obligated for gravel. A precise description can be seen in the picture below.

Tertiary
This category is used for the indication of a strange or special component present in the layer. In this category many residual materials are present, for example calcium and wood. The fraction present can range from 5 to 50%. At 5% > 25% of the same material one can speak of a weak presence of the material. At 25%>50% of the same material one can speak of a strong presence of the material. Organic components are not accounted in the tertiary category. For other materials present the samples need to be of at least class QM4. Further below some components are explained.
AC 16 base/ AC 16-22 base
Reinforcement layers for asphalt.
Cat clay
Katteklei, also cat clay is the common name for mostly clay (but sometimes venomous) deposits in which, in addition to sulphuric acid, large amounts of iron, aluminum and heavy metals also occur. As a result, the soil is poorly suited for agriculture. These soils are especially recognizable by the yellow jarosite spots, in addition, iron stains are common. The acidity of the soil is high (pH 9).
Katteklei forms in soils that naturally contain many iron sulphides, especially pyrite. These usually arise in coastal areas, especially in quiet environments such as lagoons or quiet parts of estuaries and often on the edge of peatlands that emit a lot of iron-containing water. When these soils are exposed to air, for example during drainage, sulfuric acid forms. This used to happen frequently in the Western Netherlands when the drying plants were pumped out, leaving some farmers stuck with very bad plots of land. [3]
Ammunitions
Remnant of fired gun and can cause lead poisoning of the soil.
Artefact
An object made by a human being, typically one of cultural or historical interest.
Asbestos
Asbestos is a term used to refer to six naturally occurring silicate minerals. All are composed of long and thin fibrous crystals, each fiber being composed of many microscopic 'fibrils' that can be released into the atmosphere by abrasion and other processes. Asbestos is used to strengthen ceramic creations and in walls or roofs of houses. When one suspect the presence of asbestos in a decayed wall or roof one needs to select the 'Asbestos suspect material'-field. More on asbestos-sampling and other specification can be found on the following page.
Asphalt or bitumen
Bitumen is a viscous mixture of several hydrocarbons that are also present in raw petroleum. The primary use of asphalt is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.[1]
Ballast fraction
Ballast is a collection of blocks/cobbles of steel of lead.
Blocks
Large clasts of foreign material.
Bone
Remnants of humans of animals.
Boulder clay
Boulder clay consist of a heterogenic mixture of boulders, gravel, sand, clay and loam. Boulder clay is often deposited at places where land ice used to be present.
Brac
Brac is a homogenic mixture of asphalt granulate, cement, natural sand and water.
Brick
A small rectangular block typically made of fired or sun-dried clay, used in building.
Bricklaying debris
The waste formed when forming a street or constructing walls. Mostly present at an excavation site for a complete street block. Bricklayers' waste has particular problems, for example:
•	water that's been in contact with cement powder or workable concrete can be highly alkaline and may need to be dealt with as hazardous waste
•	concrete contains chromium, which is polluting to watercourses and groundwater
•	washout water from trucks and mixers must never be allowed to enter storm water drains
Brown coal
A soft coal, usually dark brown, often having a distinct woodlike texture, and intermediate in density and carbon content between peat and bituminous coal.
Ceramic clay
Ceramic clay is a heavy and compact black to black brownish clay type. This clay type is deposited during the Ice age.
Chalk
Soft type of limestone that consist mainly of microscopic remnants of small sea animals and algea.
Charcoal
A porous black solid, consisting of an amorphous form of carbon, obtained as a residue when wood, bone, or other organic matter is heated in the absence of air.
Clay
A stiff, sticky fine-grained earth that can be moulded when wet, and is dried and baked to make bricks, pottery, and ceramics.
Coal
A combustible black or dark brown rock consisting chiefly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground seams and used as fuel.
Coal ash
Coal ash (CCR's) is produced primarily from the burning of coal in coal-fired power plants.  Coal ash includes a number of by-products produced from burning coal, including:
•	Fly Ash, a very fine, powdery material composed mostly of silica made from the burning of finely ground coal in a boiler.
•	Bottom Ash, a coarse, angular ash particle that is too large to be carried up into the smoke stacks so it forms in the bottom of the coal furnace.
•	Boiler Slag, molten bottom ash from slag tap and cyclone type furnaces that turns into pellets that have a smooth glassy appearance after it is cooled with water.
•	Flue Gas Desulfurization Material, a material leftover from the process of reducing sulfur dioxide emissions from a coal-fired boiler that can be a wet sludge consisting of calcium sulfite or calcium sulfate or a dry powered material that is a mixture of sulfites and sulfates.
Coal grit / Coal particles
Remnant of larger coal blocks.
Cobblestones
This street stones are made from natural stones and used for road shedding. They can also be found underneath a layer of asphalt.
Concrete
A building material made from a mixture of broken stone or gravel, sand, cement, and water, which can be spread or poured into moulds and forms a mass resembling stone on hardening.
Concrete unbroken
Conglomerate
Conglomerate consist of large round clasts with the size of cobbles. These cobbles are cemented by a layer of clay and sand. When the shape of the cobbles is not round but angular one speaks of breccia. This material is in the Netherlands only present at the surface when it is broken material from another source.
Containing ballast
Collection of blocks/cobbles of steal and lead.
Containing bitumen
Bitumen is a viscous fluid mixture of hydrocarbons which are also present in raw petroleum.
Containing gley
Gley is the name for the spots of rust that can be present within a layer. These spots exist due to the fluctuation of the groundwater level.
Containing lavalith
Gravel, cobbles or boulders originated from volcanic igneous rocks. This type of rock is solidified with many air bubbles within the matrix of the rock which causes the rock type to be porous.
Coral stone
Fossil of coral turned to stone.
DAB
In Dutch called: 'dicht asfaltbeton.' It is used for road shedding and a combination of concrete and asphalt. The material is not porous so can do a lot of damage when it is present in a large amount in the subsoil.
Dark minerals
Any rock-forming mineral that has a specific gravity greater than 2.8 and that is generally dark in color.
Detritus
Detritus is particles of rock derived from pre-existing rock through processes of weathering and erosion. Detritus can also be dead organic material.
Dolerite
Dolerite is an igneous rock with a silica amount of 48 till 52%. The minerals present in dolerite are: olivine, plagioclase, biotite, amphiboles and pyroxenes.
Dy
Type of soil formed in nutrient low waters which mainly consist of very fine sunken organic components.
Flugsand
Flugsand consist, like sand, out of lose clasts, but these clasts are made up of volcanic glass. The porosity of this material is very high.
Folie
Glass
A hard, brittle substance, typically transparent or translucent, made by fusing sand with soda and lime and cooling rapidly. It is used to make windows, drinking containers, and other articles.
Glauconite
Glauconite is a clay mineral and present in marine soils. This mineral has a dark green color.
Granular waste
A monolithic waste is a waste that has been deliberately treated to solidify it and strongly bind it. Granular wastes include all wastes that are not monolithic.
Gravel
Gravel is a loose aggregation of rock fragments. Gravel is classified by particle size range and includes size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments. ISO 14688 grades gravels as fine, medium, and coarse with ranges 2 mm to 6.3 mm to 20 mm to 63 mm.
Gypsum
Gypsum is the common name for CaSO4·2 H2O and is present at places where the sea water is partly or totally dried up. These dried up areas form loose layers in between the other rocks. This type of rock is soluble in water and is formed close to halite and anhydrite. Gypsum breaks into rhombus shaped pieces.
Iron
A silver-white malleable ductile magnetic heavy metallic element that readily rusts in moist air, occurs in pure form in meteorites and combined in most igneous rocks, is the most abundant element on Earth by mass, and is vital to biological processes. [2]
Iron concretions
A concretion is a spherical or oval shaped isolated part from a formation of rocks. In iron concretions is made up from only iron.
Iron curl
Iron in curly form.
Iron sulphide
Iron sulphide looks a lot like iron curl and iron concretions. It occurs in black brownish cobbles or powder and is poorly soluble in water.
Lime
A white caustic alkaline substance consisting of calcium oxide, which is obtained by heating limestone and which combines with water with the production of much heat.
Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed from remnants of small sea organisms. One can say a rock is limestone upon discovering a fossil. Limestone is made up from calcium carbonate and therefor a very soft rock type. It can be distinguished from other rock types with the help of HCl, because it sizzles when HCl touches its surface.
Loam
Loam is a soil type which mostly consist of sand and silt particles. A smaller amount of clay particles is present too. By weight, its mineral composition is about 40-40-20% concentration of sand-silt-clay respectively. If this proportions vary it is classified as the main type plus the name loam. For example: sandy loam, clay loam, etc.
Loess
Loess is a form of silt. This form is very light weighted causing it to be taken and deposited by wind. This type of soil has many minerals present and is the perfect source of food for plants.
Metal
A solid material which is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity.
Metallic waste
Common name for all types of rocks that are mined when mining for coal.
Mica
A shiny silicate mineral with a layered structure, found as minute scales in granite and other rocks, or as crystals. It is used as a thermal or electrical insulator.
Mine stone
Mine stone is a collective name for all types of stones that are released when delving for coal.
Not-asbestos suspicious material
OAB
In Dutch called: 'open asfaltbeton.' It is used for road shedding and a combination of concrete and asphalt. The material is porous.
Oil
A viscous liquid derived from petroleum, especially for use as a fuel or lubricant.
Ore
A mineral, when encountered in a profitable concentration, that can be of economical value.
Organic waste
Unwanted or unusable material, substances, or by-products with an organic origin.
Paving sand
Paving sand is very dry fine sand that contains no moisture. The sand is used to fill the joints of block paving and paving slabs. By filling the joints with dried sand you keep the structure of the paving rigid and strong. It also stops the ingress of water & stops the paving from moving and becoming loose.
Pebble
A small usually rounded stone especially when worn by the action of water
Phosphor gypsum
Phosphor gypsum is a pure type of gypsum. It arises as byproduct in the process of making fertilizer or phosphate acid. It contains a large amount of radon.
Piece of plaster
A soft mixture of sand and cement and sometimes lime with water, for spreading on walls, ceilings, or other structures, to form a smooth hard surface when dried.
Plant remains
Remnants of plants.
Plastic
A synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers such as polyethylene, PVC, nylon, etc., that can be moulded into shape while soft, and then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form.
Plastic waste
Unwanted or unusable material, substances, or by-products made of plastic or made in the process of making plastic.
Porphyry
Igneous rock with a special character. This rock is extremely shock-, pressure, shear- and frost resistant. Within the rock many large minerals are present. (phenocrysts) The mass of the rock consist of many small minerals.
Pottery
Pots, dishes, and other articles made of fired clay. Pottery can be broadly divided into earthenware, porcelain, and stoneware.
Recycling granulate
Plastic granules (granulate) are the basic product from which plastic products are made. New plastics are usually supplied to processors in the form of granules. Regranulate refers to recycled plastic from production waste
Reed debris
Repac
Repac consist of broken bricks and concrete rubble. It is used as a basement for roads or for road shedding.
Rocks
The solid mineral material forming part of the surface of the earth and other similar planets, exposed on the surface or underlying the soil.
Roof tile
A thin flat slab of fired clay used for roofing.
Rubble
Waste or rough fragments of stone, brick, concrete, etc., especially as the debris from the demolition of buildings
Rust
A reddish- or yellowish-brown flaking coating of iron oxide that is formed on iron or steel by oxidation, especially in the presence of moisture.
Slag from waste incinerators
Also called AVI-slag. This slag is the rest material of the incineration of waste. It is commonly used to fill up roads and can have some chemical components.
Slate
Layered metamorphic rock with a large amount of foliation. It crumbles in thin platy parts.
Synthetic fibers
Any of various man-made textile fibers including usually those made from natural materials as well as fully synthetic fibers.
Trimming
Tires
A rubber covering, typically inflated or surrounding an inflated inner tube, placed round a wheel to form a soft contact with the road.
Waste
Unwanted or unusable material, substances, or by-products.
Wood
Wood is the hard fibrous material that forms the main substance of the trunk or branches of a tree or shrub, used for fuel or timber.  
ZOAB
In Dutch: 'zeer open asfaltbeton.' It is used for road shedding and a combination of concrete and asphalt. The material is porous.
References
•	Sörensen, Anja; Wichert, Bodo (2009). "Asphalt and Bitumen". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_169.pub2.
•	https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/iron
Contents
•	Primary
•	M50
•	Secondary
•	Gradation
•	Grain shape
•	Tertiary
•	AC 16 base/ AC 16-22 base
•	Cat clay
•	Ammunitions
•	Artefact
•	Asbestos
•	Asphalt or bitumen
•	Ballast fraction
•	Blocks
•	Bone
•	Boulder clay
•	Brac
•	Brick
•	Bricklaying debris
•	Brown coal
•	Ceramic clay
•	Chalk
•	Charcoal
•	Clay
•	Coal
•	Coal ash
•	Coal grit / Coal particles
•	Cobblestones
•	Concrete
•	Concrete unbroken
•	Conglomerate
•	Containing ballast
•	Containing bitumen
•	Containing gley
•	Containing lavalith
•	Coral stone
•	DAB
•	Dark minerals
•	Detritus
•	Dolerite
•	Dy
•	Flugsand
•	Folie
•	Glass
•	Glauconite
•	Granular waste
•	Gravel
•	Gypsum
•	Iron
•	Iron concretions
•	Iron curl
•	Iron sulphide
•	Lime
•	Limestone
•	Loam
•	Loess
•	Metal
•	Metallic waste
•	Mica
•	Mine stone
•	Not-asbestos suspicious material
•	OAB
•	Oil
•	Ore
•	Organic waste
•	Paving sand
•	Pebble
•	Phosphor gypsum
•	Piece of plaster
•	Plant remains
•	Plastic
•	Plastic waste
•	Porphyry
•	Pottery
•	Recycling granulate
•	Reed debris
•	Repac
•	Rocks
•	Roof tile
•	Rubble
•	Rust
•	Slag from waste incinerators
•	Slate
•	Synthetic fibers
•	Trimming
•	Tires
•	Waste
•	Wood
•	ZOAB
•	References